Window of
Opportunity Research has proven that a critical period exists
for brain growth and development in many animals, and this crucial stage is
termed their window of opportunity. The brain is most plastic in this early
period of life. Therefore, what it undergoes during that time span has a
significant effect on future ability and behavior. Many abilities and
behaviors are tied to specific regions of the brain, and the conditions under
which each part of the brain develops within this particular stretch of time
can impact the rest of the organism’s life. |
The professor describes two experiments.
Explain how they illustrate the concept of “window of opportunity”.
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Classical
Conditioning Classical conditioning, also known as respondent
conditioning, is a type of learning process often seen in animals, as well as
in humans. The theory dictates that if two events frequently occur together,
the subject will begin to see them as a paring and associate one with the
other. Therefore, as soon as they sense the independent event, known as the
stimulus, they will expect the other half of the pair. The stimulus will elicit
the appropriate response, which is known as the reflex. |
The professor describes two observations on
the behavior of dogs and humans. Explain how these behaviors are interpreted
according to the theory of classical conditioning.
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Strategic
Alliance In business, organizations sometimes anticipate that
the benefits of operating as a team will outweigh those that can be achieved
through any singular effort. Because team members can share costs and risks
while gaining know-how from each other, two or more companies occasionally
agree to collaborate on business ventures while remaining separate. By
entering into such a relationship, which is termed a strategic alliance,
parties provide capital resources, technological support, and increased
market access to each other. However, if partners in an alliance do not share
the same objectives, effective cooperation may be difficult to achieve. |
The professor provides an example. Explain
how it illustrates the concept of strategic alliance.
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Operant
Conditioning The behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner observed
that the daily behaviors of people are learned through the rewards and punishments
they receive. He named this method of learning “operant conditioning”. For
example, the behavior of children may be conditioned by expressing
displeasure when children do something wrong, or by giving approval when they
do something right. In this way, negative behavior decreases and positive
behavior increases. The key feature of operant conditioning that
distinguishes it from other forms of conditioning is that the behavior
modification is voluntary rather than reflexive. |
The professor provides a personal
experience. Explain how it illustrates the concept of operant conditioning.
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Task 1.
틀린 부분은 없는데 말을 조금 더 천천히 하시면 이해하기 더 수월 할 것 같습니다. 중간중간에 주의를 기울이지 않으면 이해하기 힘든 부분이 몇 군데 있었어요. (23-24 / 3.00-3.16)
Task 2.
..Pavlov ring a bell and then he gave dinner to the dogs. à … Pavlov rang a bell….
(23-24 / 3.00-3.16)
Task 3.
..they got a great success. à … it was successful.
(24-26 / 3.16-3.33)
Task 4.
...there was a child distructing his class… à …there was a child interrupting his class..
…while other children was going outside. à while other children were going outside.
So this child think what had (?) wrong. à So this child had a chance to figure out what he/she had done wrong.
(22-23/ 2.83-3.00)