A fluid is any substance that yields readily to any force that alters its shape; thus, it conforms to the configuration of a containing vessel. Fluids are either liquid or gas and, with solids, are the most important states of matter. The particles composing a liquid are not rigidly adherent to one another, but are held together more closely than those of a gas. Thus, the volume of a liquid remains unaltered in a sealed container and has a definite surface boundary. In contrast, a gas has no natural boundary and expands and diffuses into air, diminishing in density. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish solid and fluids because even rocks and glaciers flow under favorable conditions.
1. the word readily in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. naturally
B. easily
C. totally
D. properly
2. the word conforms in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. reacts
B. resists
C. objects
D. complies
3. the word configuration in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. container
B. shape
C. alternation
D. orientation
4. the word vessel in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. ship
B. container
C. plate
D. structure
5. the word adherent in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. attractive
B. native
C. similar
D. sticky
6. the word definite in the paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. blurred
B. clear
C. unusual
D. circular
The central idea behind plate tectonics is that the Earth’s plates are moving, although extremely slowly, and it is this movement which explains nearly every other geological event, from earthquakes to the formation of mountains.
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. One of the basic ideas of plate tectonics is that the Earth ’ s plates are in motion, and are very slowly forming mountains and causing earthquakes.
B. One of the basic concepts of plate tectonics is that major geological events can be explained by the slow movement of the Earth’s plates.
C. The Earth’s plates are moving slowly, and this is one of the central ideas used to explain earthquakes and mountain formation.
D. Plate tectonics can be used to explain how the slow movements of the Earth’s plates are caused by geological events like earthquakes and mountain formation.
Glaciers are classifiable in three main groups. Glaciers that extend in continuous sheets, moving outward in all directions, are called ice sheets if they are the size of Antarctica or Greenland and ice caps if they are smaller. Glaciers confined within a path that directs the ice movement are called mountain glaciers. Glaciers that spread out on level ground or on the ocean at the foot of glaciated regions are called piedmont glaciers or ice shelves, respectively. Glaciers in the third group are not independent and are treated here in terms of their sources: ice shelves with ice sheets, piedmont glaciers with mountain glaciers. A complex of mountain glaciers burying much of a mountain range is called an ice field.
8. The author mentions Antarctica and Greenland as examples of
A. ice sheets
B. ice caps
9. the major difference between ice sheets and ice caps is their
A. moving direction
B. size
10. the glaciers spreading into the oceans are called
A. piedmont glaciers
B. ice shelves
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